Illusory Categories

"The further we penetrate into the submicroscopic world, the more we shall realize how the modern physicist, like the Eastern mystic, has come to see the world as a system of inseparable, interacting and ever‑moving components with man being an integral part of this system.

...

Quantum theory thus reveals a basic oneness of the universe. It shows that we cannot decompose the world into independently existing smallest units. As we penetrate into matter, nature does not show us any isolated ‘basic building blocks,’ but rather appears as a complicated web of relations between the various parts of the whole. These relations always include the observer in an essential way.

...

Our tendency to divide the perceived world into individual and separate things and to experience ourselves as isolated egos in this world is seen as an illusion which comes from our measuring and categorizing mentality. [...] all things and events perceived by the senses are interrelated, connected, and are but different aspects or manifestations of the same ultimate reality."

- Fritjof Capra (1939 - )
The Tao of Physics

Fleeting Vortices

"[Physicists and naturalists cannot] look down from a great height upon a world which their consciousness could penetrate without being submitted to it or changing it. [...] a more complete study of the movements of the world will oblige us ... to discover that if things hold and hold together, it is only by reason of complexity, from above.

...

Hence we find our minds instinctively tending to represent energy as a kind of homogeneous, primordial flux in which all that has shape in the world is but a series of fleeting 'vortices'. [...] each new being has and must have a cosmic embryogenesis ...

...

Science, philosophy and religion are bound to converge ...
but without merging, and without ceasing, to the very end,
to assail the real from different angles
and on different planes."

- Teilhard De Chardin (1881- 1955)
The Phenomenon of Man

More is Diferent

"At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear, and the understanding of the new behaviors requires research which I think is as fundamental in its nature as any other. That is, it seems to me that one may array the sciences roughly linearly in a hierarchy, according to the idea: The elementary entities of science X obey the laws of science Y. But this does not at all imply that science X is 'just' science Y. At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one."

- Philip W. Anderson (1923 - 2020)
More is Different

Plural Monism

"Monism allows for no such things as 'other occasions' in reality—in real or absolute reality, that is. The difference I try to describe amounts, you see, to nothing more than the difference between what I formerly called the each−form and the all−form of reality. Pluralism lets things really exist in the each−form or distributively. Monism thinks that the all−form or collective−unit form is the only form that is rational. The all−form allows of no taking up and dropping of connexions, for in the all the parts are essentially and eternally co−implicated. In the each−form, on the contrary, a thing may be connected by intermediary things, with a thing with which it has no immediate or essential connexion. It is thus at all times in many possible connexions which are not necessarily actualized at the moment.

...

Here, then, you have the plain alternative, and the full mystery of the difference between pluralism and monism, as clearly as I can set it forth on this occasion. It packs up into a nutshell:—Is the manyness in oneness that indubitably characterizes the world we inhabit, a property only of the absolute whole of things, so that you must postulate that one−enormous−whole indivisibly as the prius of there being any many at all—in other words, start with the rationalistic block−universe, entire, unmitigated, and complete?—or can the finite elements have their own aboriginal forms of manyness in oneness, and where they have no immediate oneness still be continued into one another by intermediary terms—each one of these terms being one with its next neighbors, and yet the total 'oneness' never getting absolutely complete?

...

Whatever I may say, each of you will be sure to take pluralism or leave it, just as your own sense of rationality moves and inclines. The only thing I emphatically insist upon is that it is a fully co−ordinate hypothesis with monism. This world may, in the last resort, be a block−universe; but on the other hand it may be a universe only strung−along, not rounded in and closed. Reality may exist distributively just as it sensibly seems to, after all. On that possibility I do insist."

- William James (1842 - 1910)
A Pluralistic Universe

Unfolding Forms

"The essential order of movement is not that of an object translating itself from one place to another, but rather, it is a folding and unfolding, in which the object is continually being created again, in a form generally similar to what it was, though different in detail. The explicate order of movement of the object is thus not independent, substantial, and self-existent. We suggest instead that it is an appearance, abstracted from the implicate order, on which it depends and from which it derives its whole form and set of characteristic relationships.

...

What all this means is that the flux of the holomovement is the implicate source of all forms, both physical and mental. That is to say, the whole of existence, including inanimate matter, living organisms, and ‘mind,’ arises in a single ground, in which these are all enfolded, or contained implicitly. 

...

It is clear that, in this view, living organisms are to be regarded as particular manifestations of what is ultimately enfolded in the inward depths of the holomovement. We are suggesting here that a living organism has a more direct contact with what is thus enfolded in the holomovement than does inanimate matter. [...] One can appropriately call the holomovement the life energy, which is the ground that ultimately creates and sustains all matter and all mind, as two relatively autonomous and independent streams that may move in parallel."

 - David Bohm (1917 - 1992)
The Implicate or Enfolded Order
Quoted from Chapter 1 in Mind in Nature: the Interface of Science and Philosophy

Mycomagicians

"Mushrooms hold the secrets to the universe,

to life on our planet, and
 the core of our being.

...

There are more species of fungi, bacteria, and protozoa in a single scoop of soil than there are species of plants and vertebrate animals in all of North America. And of these, fungi are the grand recyclers of our planet, the mycomagicians disassembling large organic molecules into simpler forms, which in turn nourish other members of the ecological community. Fungi are the interface organisms between life and death. [...] Biological systems are influenced by the laws of physics, and it may be that mycelium exploits the natural momentum of matter, just like salmon take advantage of the tides.

...

Mushrooms are the key to unlocking the
mysteries of the natural world."

- Paul Stamets (1955 - )
Mycelium Running:
How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World

Repetition of Sensations

"Everything which we observe in nature imprints itself uncomprehended and unanalyzed in our percepts and ideas which then, in their turn, mimic the processes of nature in their most general and most striking features.

...

It is a well-known fact that some objects please us, while others do not. Generally speaking, anything that is constructed according to fixed and logically followed rules, is a product of tolerable beauty. We see thus nature herself, who always acts according to fixed rules, constantly producing such pretty things.

...

A rule always presupposes a repetition. Repetitions, therefore, will probably be found to play some important part in the production of agreeable effects. Of course, the nature of agreeable effects is not exhausted by this. Furthermore, the repetition of a physical event becomes the source of agreeable effects only when it is connected with a repetition of sensations."

- Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)
Popular Scientific Lectures

Nature's Tapestry

"Nature uses only the longest threads to weave her patterns,
so that each small piece of her fabric reveals
the organization of the entire tapestry."

- Richard Feynman (1918 - 1988)
The Character of Physical Law

Postscript/For readers of my blog who have an interest in physics. I will use this image as a backdrop to segue my way to linking to a truly remarkable history of physics that has recently been made fully open access under a Creative Commons license through the OAPEN Library and Taylor & Francis: Károly Simonyi's A Cultural History of Physics; Amazon and Google have Kindle and eBook versions available, respectively. Before getting to the book itself, what made me think of using this image (which I captured earlier today while on a walk in a local park)? For me, the leaf is a microcosm of nature's fabric, in which the whole is encoded in every part, as Feynman describes. Simonyi's book is essentially an attempt to unweave the tapestry of physics from its individual threads strewn across history. 

I first came across (and eagerly purchased) a hard copy of this book when it was published in the United States in 2012; it is still available for purchase for about $174 in USD. IMHO (as a Ph.D. physicist) this is by far the best single-volume technical and cultural history of physics, emphasizing the interplay between physics and the humanities, but also never shying away from the irreducibly technical nature of the material. It is a rare fortune to have free access to such a treasure! I urge any and all of my readers with even a passing interest in physics to download a copy to savor, read, and study. 

The book includes technical passages, quotations, biographical information, and color plates to enrich the reader's experience. It originated from Simonyi's lecture series, which he began after political circumstances in Hungary forced him out of his academic career. ​Over decades, he revised and expanded the work, which was published in multiple Hungarian and German editions.

Additional note about Simonyi's book. I resonate on a personal level with the story behind how this book came to be (before it was originally published), as described in the book's forward and preface. Much like my mom and I spent the better part of a decade putting together the biography of my dad, the artist (as I've discussed elsewhere on my blog), it was through the efforts of Károly's son, Charles Simonyi (who is also a luminary: Charles led the development of Microsoft's first application software, including early versions of Microsoft Office) that A Cultural History of Physics was published outside of Hungary; indeed, it was Károly Simonyi's long-held dream that this would eventually happen. After his dad passed away in 2001, Charles collaborated with A K Peters (now part of CRC Press) to oversee the translation and publication process. He ensured the English edition was carefully compared to the original Hungarian text to restore its conversational tone and authenticity, provided additional material and support for the project and to the publishers, translators, editors, and family members who contributed to the book's release in the United States. ​

Entangled Paths

 "At quite uncertain times and places,

The atoms left their heavenly path,

And by fortuitous embraces,

Engendered all that being hath.

And though they seem to cling together,

And form 'associations' here,

Yet, soon or late, they burst their tether,

And through the depths of space career."

- James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)

Self-Organized Criticality

"Who could ever calculate the path of a molecule?
How do we know that the creations of worlds are
not determined by falling grains of sand?"

- Victor Hugo (1802 - 1885), Les Miserables 

"How can the universe start with a few types of elementary particles at the big bang, and end up with life, history, economics, and literature? The question is screaming out to be answered bur it is seldom even asked. Why did the big bang not form a simple gas of particles, or condense into one big crystal? We see complex phenomena around us so often that we rake them for granted without looking for further explanation. In fact, until recently very little scientific effort was devoted to understanding why nature is complex.

I will argue that complex behavior in nature reflects the tendency of large systems with many components to evolve into a poised, "critical" state, way out of balance, where minor disturbances may lead to events, called avalanches, of all sizes. Most of the changes take place through catastrophic events rather than by following a smooth gradual path. The evolution to this very delicate state occurs without design from any outside agent. The state is established solely because of the dynamical interactions among individual elements of the system: the critical state is self-organized. Self-organized criticality is so far the only known general mechanism to generate complexity. 

To make this less abstract, consider the scenario of a child at the beach letting sand trickle down to form a pile. In the beginning, the pile is flat, and the individual grains remain close to where they land. Their motion can be understood in terms of their physical properties. As the process continues, the pile becomes steeper, and there will be little sand slides. As time goes on, the sand slides become bigger and bigger. Eventually, some of the sand slides may even span all or most of the pile. At that point, the system is far out of balance, and its behavior can no longer be understood in terms of the behavior of the individual grains. The avalanches form a dynamic of their own, which can be understood only from a holistic description of the properties of the entire pile rather than from a reductionist description of individual grains: the sandpile is a complex system.

The complex phenomena observed everywhere indicate that nature operates at the self-organized critical state. The behavior of the critical sandpile mimics several phenomena observed across many sciences, which are associated with complexity."

- Per Bak (1948 - 2002)
How Nature Works

White Hole

"Unless something goes in or out of the horizon,
from the outside a white hole is
indistinguishable from a black hole.
...
The black horizon, like Gandalf,
has magically turned white.
...
Despite the complete difference between
what happens inside them, time’s
sleight of hand on the horizons allows a
white hole and a black hole to be
the same thing outside.
...
A white hole is a black hole with time reversed.
...
...finite are the lives of us all, of
every living organism, every star,
every galaxy, of all stories,
in this universe of joy and pain.
Not even white holes last forever."

- Carlo Rovelli (1956 - )
White Holes: Inside the Horizon

A State of Information

"There are objects: cinnamon, microwaves, interstellar particles and scarecrows. There is nothing underneath objects. Or, better, there is not even nothing underneath them. There is no such thing as space independent of objects (happily contemporary physics agrees). What is called Universe is a large object that contains objects such as black holes and racing pigeons. Likewise there is no such thing as an environment: wherever we look for it, we find all kinds of objects—biomes, ecosystems, hedges, gutters and human flesh. In a similar sense, there is no such thing as Nature. I’ve seen penguins, plutonium, pollution and pollen. But I’ve never seen Nature (I capitalize the word to reinforce a sense of its deceptive artificiality).

...

Likewise, there is no such thing as matter. I’ve seen plenty of entities (this book shall call them objects): photographs of diffusion cloud chamber scatterings, drawings of wave packets, iron filings spreading out around a magnet. But I’ve never seen matter. So when Mr. Spock claims to have found 'Matter without form,' he is sadly mistaken... You can now buy a backpack that is made of recycled plastic bottles. But an object doesn’t consist of some gooey substrate of becoming that shifts like Proteus from plastic bottle to backpack. First there is the plastic bottle, then the production of the bag ends the bottle, its being is now only an appearance, a memory of the backpack, a thought: “This bag is made of plastic bottles... Nature [...] is 'discovered in the use of useful things.'

...

Matter, in current physics, is simply a state of information. Precisely: information is necessarily information-for (for some addressee). Matter requires at least one other entity in order to be itself... Instead of using matter as my basic substrate, I shall paint a picture of the Universe that is realist but not materialist. In my view, real objects exist inside other real objects. 'Space' and 'environment' are ways in which objects sensually relate to the other objects in their vicinity, including the larger objects in which they find themselves... There is no space or environment as such, only objects... The existence of an object is irreducibly a matter of coexistence. Objects contain other objects, and are contained 'in' other objects... What are these objects, then, that claustrophobically fill every nook and cranny of reality, that are reality, like the leering faces in an Expressionist painting, crammed into the picture plane? On what basis can we decide that there is no top, middle, or bottom object, that objects are bigger on the inside than they are on the outside, that they generate time and space, and so on?"

Timothy Morton (1968 - )
Realist Magic: Objects, Ontology, Causality

Glittering Universe

"There may be no such thing as the
'glittering central mechanism of the universe'
but magic may be better description
of the treasure that is waiting."

- John Archibald Wheeler (1911 - 2008)

Numerical Harmonies

 "The universe as a giant harpstring,
oscillating in and out of existence!
What note does it play, by the way? 
Passages from the Numerical Harmonies...?"

- Ursula K. Le Guin (1929 - 2018)
The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia

Elaborate Complexity

"We have a way of discussing the world, when we talk of it at various hierarchies, or levels ... For example, at one end we have the fundamental laws of physics. Then we invent other terms for concepts which are approximate, which have, we believe, their ultimate explanation in terms of the fundamental laws ... if we go higher up from this, in another level we have properties of substances- like "refractive index" ... or "surface tension" ... As we go up in this hierarchy of complexity, we get to things like muscle twitch, or nerve impulse, which is an enormously complicated thing in the physical world, involving an organization of matter in a very elaborate complexity. Then come things like "frog" ... And then ... we come to words and concepts like "man", and "history", or "political expediency", and so forth, a series of concepts which we use to understand things at an ever higher level. And going on, we come to things like evil, and beauty, and hope ... Which end is nearer to God ... beauty and hope, or the fundamental laws? ... I do not think either end is nearer to God. To stand at either end, and to walk off that end of the pier only, hoping that out in that direction is the complete understanding, is a mistake. And to stand with evil and beauty and hope, or to stand with the fundamental laws, hoping that way to get a deep understanding of the whole world, with that aspect alone, is a mistake. ... The great mass of workers in between, connecting one step to another, are improving all the time our understanding of the world, both from working at the ends and working in the middle, and in that way we are gradually understanding this tremendous world of interconnecting hierarchies."

- Richard Feynman (1918 - 1988)
The Character of Physical Law

Quantum Foam

"All the elements were there: the frozen feeling bubbling up and permeating my body like quantum foam fizzing up to engulf the fragmenting mind, the feeling of acceleration, my dissolving self urging me to let go, to surrender, as I was sucked into the visionary maelstrom. … The experience was far more austere ... Reality is a hallucination generated by the brain to help make sense of our being; it is made of fragments of memory, associations, ideas, people you remember, dreams you’ve had, things you’ve read and seen, all of which is somehow blended and extruded into something resembling a coherent conscious narrative, the hallucination we call “experience.” Dimethyltryptamine rips back the curtain to show the raw data before it has been processed and massaged. There is no comforting fiction of coherent consciousness; one confronts the mindless hammering of frenzied neurochemistry"

- Ralph Metzner (1936 - 2019)
The Toad and the Jaguar

Atoms of Space

"It all starts from the idea that space—like matter—is made of discrete elements. And that the structure of space and everything in it is just defined by the network of relations between these elements—that we might call atoms of space. It’s very elegant—but deeply abstract ... And what we’re seeing here is the emergence of space and everything in it by the successive application of very simple computational rules. And, remember, those dots are not atoms in any existing space. They’re atoms of space—that are getting put together to make space. And, yes, if we kept going long enough, we could build our whole universe this way ... all this is built from pure computation. But like fluid mechanics emerging from molecules, what emerges here is spacetime—and Einstein’s equations for gravity ... Our computational rules can inevitably be applied in many ways, each defining a different thread of time—a different path of history—that can branch and merge ... But as observers embedded in this universe, we’re branching and merging too. And it turns out that quantum mechanics emerges as the story of how branching minds perceive a branching universe."

- Stephen Wolfram (1959 - )
How to Think Computationally about AI, the Universe and Everything

Morphic Resonance

"The sudden appearance of all the Laws of Nature is as untestable as Platonic metaphysics or theology. Why should we assume that all the Laws of Nature were already present at the instant of the Big Bang, like a cosmic Napoleonic code? Perhaps some of them, such as those that govern protein crystals, or brains, came into being when protein crystals or brains first arose. The preexistence of these laws cannot possibly be tested before the emergence of the phenomena they govern."

- Rupert Sheldrake (1942 - )
Morphic Resonance

Electric Universe

"The watcher’s eyes are likely to swivel forward in a sequence of stately turns as the screen’s pixel glows: each quarter-ounce mass of eyeball tugged by six flat muscles, in a glissando slide within the slippery fat lining the orbital cavity. The eye blinks, the widened pupils are in position, and the incoming electromagnetic waves roar in. Ripping through the thin layer of the cornea, they decelerate slightly, with their outermost edges forming a nearly flat plane as they travel inward, carrying the as-yet-undetected signal from the screen deep into the waiting human. The waves continue through the liquid of the aqueous humor and on to the gaping hole of the pupil. The human may have squinted to avoid the glare, but human reflexes work at the rate of slow thousandths of a second and are no match for these racing intruders. The pupil is crossed without obstruction. The stiff lens just below focuses the incoming waves even more, sending them into the inland sea of the jellylike vitreous humor deeper down in the eye. A very few of the incoming electric waves explode against the organic molecules in their way, but most simply whirl through those soft biological barriers and continue straight down, piercing the innermost wrapping of the eyeball, till they reach the end-point of their journey: the fragile, stalklike projection from the living brain known as the retina. And deep inside there, in the dark, barely slowed from their original 670 million mph, the waves splatter into the ancient, moist blood vessels and cell membranes, and something unexpected happens. An electric current switches on."

- David Bodanis, Electric Universe

Atomic Poetry

 "We must be clear that when it comes to atoms,
language can be used only as in poetry.
The poet, too, is not nearly so concerned with
describing facts as with creating images
and establishing mental connections."

- Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)